Defining the combination formula (nCr) recursively.

This works because http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~vxc/g51mcs/ch05_combinatorics.pdf , page 9.

How I understand RSA

Euler’s totient function is defined as the number of positive integers relatively prime to n (including 1). E.g. φ(12) = 4 ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), and φ(15) = 8. http://www.thescienceforum.com/mathematics/14111-modular-multiplicative-inverse-context-rsa.html https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Mathematics/Extended_Euclidean_algorithm https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=www.math.utah.edu/~fguevara/ACCESS2013/Euclid.pdf as to why the extended Euclid’s algo can be used to find the modular multiplicative inverse https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/pkcs-1/pkcs-1v2-1.pdf https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/rsalabs/rsa_algorithm/rsa-oaep_spec.pdf In particular, ^ page 9. OAEP is the padding scheme ( http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/10145/rsa-pcks1-v2-1-rsaes-oaep-algorithm http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/2074/rsa-oaep-input-parameters ) , whereas I2OSP and OS2IP (on page 4); what really helped things come full circle for me is realizing how they represent arbitrary data as an integer (first converting it to an octet string). Without further do, let’s test our generated keys by encrypting and decrypting the number 521 (any number smaller than 527, our modulus, will do. ( http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10061626/message-length-restriction-in-rsa ) )

Note that if we try with a larger number…

Nope. What really helped things come full circle once again (or full sphere..) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy#Confidentiality http://superuser.com/questions/383732/how-does-ssh-encryption-work It makes more sense to use a symmetric encryption algorithm with high throughput to encrypt the data first, then use PKI to encrypt and transfer the key. And that is how the world works.

The Strong Induction Axiom

These are notes taken from the Lec 3 | MIT 6.042J Mathematics for Computer Science, Fall 2010 video lecture, which can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuGDkmwEObM#t=4658

What exactly does the Strong in Strong Induction mean? Let $P(n)$ be any predicate. if $P(0)$ is true then $\forall n (P(0) \wedge P(1) \wedge \ldots \wedge P(n)) \Rightarrow P(n+1)$ is true, then $\forall n : P(n)$ is true. Remember the normal induction axiom? Let $P(n)$ be a predicate. If $P(0)$ is True and $\forall n \in \mathbb{N} : (P(n) \Rightarrow P(n+1))$ is True, then $\forall n \in \mathbb{N}$ $P(n)$ is True. The difference is that you’re assuming that all the cases starting from the base case til $n$ are true, in order to prove that $P(n+1)$ is true. The Unstacking game is demonstrated: here’s a brief recap (no, actually, this is just another LaTex exercise for me)

The score one would get is (4*4)+(2*2)+(3*1)+(1*1)+(1*1)+(2*1)+(1*1) = 28. There must be a strategy to beat this, is there?

(7*1)+(6*1)+(5*1)+(4*1)+(3*1)+(2*1)+(1*1) = 28. Now one should immediately jump to the conclusion (if one is an MIT student) that all combinations lead to a score of 28. But one is not if one is reading this, so: Theorem: All strategies $S(n)$ for the Unstacking Game with $n$ starting blocks lead to the same score. Proof by strong induction: Inductive Hypothesis: $P(n)$ is the Theorem. Base Case: $S(1)$ is zero (One can’t play the game with 0 blocks). Inductive step: Assume $P(1), P(2), \ldots, P(n)$ in order to prove $P(n+1)$. With $(n+1)$ blocks, for $1 \leq k \leq n$:

Our score for $P(n+1)$ is $k(n+1-k)+P(k)+P(n+1-k)$ (think recursion, after each division of blocks each block is an instance of the Game). One has hit a dead end here, as one is trying to prove that $P(n+1)$ is dependent on $n$, not $k$. Honestly this example (IMHO) is rather haphazard, as the next step, which not so intuitively, is to make a good guess as to what $S(n)$ might be, and in classic MIT intuition style, our first guess yields $\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$. Testing a few values of $n$.. $S(2) = 1$, $S(3) = 3$, $S(4) = 6$, $S(8) = 28$. Let’s put $P(n)$ through its runs again…. Base case, where $P(n) = \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$: $P(1) = 0$. Going back to the previous expression which we derived for the score, now that we have an expression for $P(n)$: $k(n+1-k) + \frac{k(k-1)}{2} + \frac{(n+1-k)(n-k)}{2}$ Simplifying this expression (aka plugging it into WolframAlpha…) results in $\frac {n(n+1)}{2}$, which is $S(n+1)$. In the words of the professor, “The $k$ disappears.“ We have worked backwards (to my understanding), deriving an expression for the score, reaching a dead end, where we have to stop assuming ($k$), come up with an expression for $P(n)$, and filling in the blank to prove $P$(or $S$)$(n+1)$.

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